Neurotransmitter Serotonin Cause Depression Psychology Essay

Neurotransmitter Serotonin Ca go for Depression Psychology Es claim tally to the military man Health Organization, about 121 million people across the globe back up from opinion and the WHO has ranked impression as fourth in a list of most urgent problems worldwide (2). It is the most prevalent psychiatrical disorder and is responsible for nearly 850,000 deaths perpetuallyy year. Supporting this accompaniment, statistics get revealed that the use of anti-depressants has soargond oer 400 per centum in the past two decades (3). According to Kresser, a licensed acupuncturist and practitioner of integrative medicine, several chemically obvious anti-depressants marketed under trade names such as Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil direct enjoy immense popularity as anti-depressants (4). Amongst the four classes of anti-depressant medication, namely selective serotonin reup affiance inhibitors (selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors), atypical depressants, tricyclic anti-depressants (T CAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), SSRIs remove been the most widely overconfident medication by physicians. In this essay, the terms SSRI and anti-depressant will be used interchangeably.The current model of SSRIs assumes that a first gear level of extracellular neurotransmitter, serotonin, is primarily responsible for first. Serotonin in our body quarter be found in two places 80 percentage of it in our GI tract spell the rest in our top dog (5). The 80 percent of serotonin function as hormones and they play a role in muscular contractions whereas the 20 percent act as a neurotransmitter in our mentality (6). In our brain in that location atomic number 18 mevery cells called nerve cells, which are separated by small gaps. Messages carried by neurotransmitters are delivered from one neuron to another across the gaps. These messages come in the form of chemical impulses, and give information about mood, behaviour, body temperature, appetite and sleep. Once a neurotransmitter leaves the move neuron, it will latch onto the receiving neuron and relay chemical impulses over. Then the neurotransmitter returns to its displace neuron to be re-used again this process is called reuptake. On the other hand, if in that respect are inadequate centers of neurotransmitters, the next impulse does not fire away and messages will not be relayed. (7) SSRIs break away to block or verbose down the reuptake of serotonin in particular, hence increasing the arrive of extracellular serotonin. As a result, more serotonin are record in the gaps which will addition rate of successful transmission of impulses to the receiving neuron. SSRI is hence engineered on the belief that serotonin is the bugger off of first. However ever since the advent of the medicate and its side- cause exposed, medicine researchers are compelled to re-investigate the skill of SSRIs, in which conflicting results were revealed.The investigation into the serotonin-depress ion connection will not entirely prevent doctors devising inappropriate prescriptions that whitethorn not be in the beaver cheer of their patients health, it also al deplorables a clearer definition of the causes of depression. Ultimately, establishing the proper function of serotonin whitethorn lead to a ground-breaking change in the methodology of treating depression and think disorders in the psychiatric and pharmacology world.While most people harbour with the belief that a deficiency of serotonin is related to depression, some get by that an imbalance in serotonin levels leads to depression. This imbalance theory arises because of the widespread tactual sensation that SSRIs are only effective for patients with moderate to severe depression while it is ineffective for nutsly depressed patients. The basis of the debate surrounding the dexterity of SSRIs in fact boils down to a deeper problem whether or not the neurotransmitter, serotonin, is related to depression at all. Nevertheless, I oppose both claims of the serotonin-depression attach and con turn up that there is no coherence between levels of serotonin and depression. Up till now, there have no substantial evidence that depression is caused by serotonin deficiency, neither is there one that shows that over stimulant do do drugss of serotonin causes depression.Efficacy of SSRIs challenged by small drug-placebo differenceMany studies have shown that the cogency of SSRI drugs in the treatment of depression is challenged by low drug-placebo difference scores. Studies to investigate the efficacy of anti-depressants by giving placebos to a controlled sort have revealed that the recovery rate of patients who alsok a glucose pill was equivalent to patients who consumed the anti-depression drug (8). A 2008 meta synopsis of the efficacy of SSRIs that was published by the Food and medicine Administration (FDA), revealed that these anti-depressants have no clinically authoritative edge over all placebos. By this, it means that it did not meet the drug licensing authority, UK home(a) Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) standards. As evident in the meta analysis, the placebo response groups account for up to 75 percent of all positivistic effects of anti-depressant medication (9) which shows that 3 in 4 of all patients who reputationed an increase in heightened emotional well-being were actually consuming sugar pills. some other studies yielded similar results a study by Khan et al. found a 10 percent difference in level of symptoms when patients consume the muddy placebos compared to the active drugs in two separate meta-analyses (10). As the drug-placebo difference is small, it brush aside be seen that regardless of whether SSRI is administered or not, symptoms of depression are electrostatic greatly reduced. This implies that serotonin level may not be related to depression at all.Opponents argue that experiments to trial run the efficacy of SSRIs again st inert placebos may not be accurate because the side effects of SSRIs are not mimicked. They claim that commonly known side effects of SSRIs, such as diarrhoea, nausea, dizziness, headaches or even gastrointestinal bleeding (11) may affect patients mood, which in turn underrate the impact of serotonin in lifting depression. This claim is and rejected by many scientific lits which show counter-evidences. According to Joanna Moncrieff, the co-chair somebody of Critical psychopathology Network, when she used active placebos to simulate the adverse-effects of SSRIs in anti-depressant drug trials, results revealed that differences between active placebo and SSRI were significantly small (12). To measure luridness of depression before and after the drug trials, the accomplished Hamilton Rating weighing machine of Depression (HRSD) was used. Since it did not meet NICE standards of an improvement in evaluation score of 3 points to be defined as clinically significant (8), the above studies involving inert and active placebos clearly show that no affaire which placebo type was administered active or inert, drug versus placebo significance in anti-depressant efficacy is clinically insignificant. Whether or not the level of serotonin is increased, patients reported a reduction in symptoms of depression, therefore there is little evidence to say that a neglect of this neurotransmitter causes depression.Another common belief by proponents of anti-depressants is that initial causticity of depression is directly related to the effectiveness of SSRIs, that SSRIs work best for patients with very severe depression. It is thought that over stimulation of serotonin may cause further chemical imbalance in patients suffering from mild depression, hence rendering SSRIs ineffective (13). Thus in order to test this claim, Kirsch et al moved on to investigate whether initial severity of depression affects the efficacy of anti-depressants. He tested on the hypothesis that an ti-depressants work only for people suffering from moderate to major depression. In this double-blinded study of 35 clinical trials involving 5,133 subjects, both drug administers and subjects were unknown to results of randomized medication (placebo or SSRI) to prevent sampling biasness and subjects severity of depression was heedful by HRSD (14). The test was conducted to see if there is an improvement in the subjects depression, metric against their baseline severity and the closing conclusion is as follows patients with an initial moderate depression did not report a drug-placebo difference, patients with an initial severe depression reported a relatively small drug-placebo difference and only for patients situated at the hurrying end of very severe depression category did the drug-placebo difference pay heed into the clinically significant criterion by NICE standards (8). Although effectiveness of SSRIs may seem to improve with the severity of depression, further research has revealed a interdict coherence between severity and placebo response. As highlighted from Figure 1, the drug-placebo difference reached clinical standards for people with a higher initial severity of depression. Further analysis shows that a higher drug-placebo difference is due to a decrease in improvement of the placebo group rather than due to the effects of SSRIs.Figure 1. tight Standardized Improvement as a Function of Initial ruggedness and Treatment Group, Including Only Trials Whose Samples Had High Initial Severitygraph.pngSource http//www.plosmedicine.org/ term/fetchObject.action?uri=infodoi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045.g003representation=PNG_MThis implies that the increased benefit for extremely depressed patients seems credited(predicate) to a response-deficiency to placebos rather than a heightened response to SSRI medication. wherefore efficacy of SSRI does not increase with severity of depression and increasing amount of serotonin did not work for patients w ith all levels of depression. Since SSRIs are designed to mitigate depression by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin in our brain cells, it shows that there is no relationship between extracellular serotonin and ones mood. Furthermore, it usually take weeks before effects of anti-depressants are expressed and can be measured by testing for serotonin levels in the blood, yet patients often report relief within hours or days of medication. thus this phenomenon demonstrates the lack of coefficient of correlativity between serotonin and depression and gives support to the placebo effect.The lack in correlation is further evidenced by the results of a Force go discharge (FST). FST, also known as the behavioural despair test, is a conventional anti-depressant screening test which involves using rodents as test subjects. In this test, rats are dropped in an enclosed water cylinder and their movements observed. The struggling time of rats is measured based on the precondition that i mmobility of rats is directly proportional to their conjure of depression. For example depressed rats will cease trying and float in the cylinder, which is akin to despair, whereas non-depressed rats will continue to struggle in search of a way out (15). Although it is thought that SSRIs should extend struggling time of rats, final results were inconsistent hence inconclusive (16). The administration of SSRIs in rodents did not scram them less susceptible to depression, displaying no direct relationship between serotonin and depression. Nonetheless, it should be noted that experiments done on mice may not be entirely accurate in predicting responses in humans (17).The bold assumption made by researchersThe serotonin-depression link came about when scientists first discovered that in most depressed patients, the level of serotonin is comparably lower than that in non-depressed people. The amount of serotonin in a humans body was measured by analyse blood samples taken from depress ed and healthy people. afterward the anti-depressant SSRI was invented, which targets the neurotransmitter serotonin and works to stimulate the production of it. This methodology wherefore raises a few doubts. Firstly, the assumption that blood serotonin and brain serotonin are directly proportional can be contested as it is certainly impossible to measure the amount of serotonin in the brain. Patients who have high levels of serotonin in the blood may have low levels of serotonin in the brain and vice versa. As mentioned earlier, 80 percent of the humans body total serotonin is found in our bloodstream and the rest in the brain. While the level of blood serotonin can be measured, current biomedical technology has yet to transcend the brain barrier. In all clinical trials involving SSRIs, the assumption made is that blood serotonin shines brain serotonin, which is a very bold one to make. This then creates a paradox in research methodology the reason for inventing SSRIs instead o f provide serotonin directly to a humans body is due to the blood-brain barrier. viva voce ingested serotonin are ineffective as they do not become flat through bloodstreams into the brain, that is the digestive system is unparallel to the central nervous system. Whereas SSRIs work because they merely seek to enhance an impulse that is already present, but too feeble to cross the gap. Yet scientists conveniently established a link between serotonin and depression by measuring serotonin in patients blood. It is reasonable to say that since blood serotonin is not proven to be a clear indication of brain serotonin, any positive outcomes of anti-depressant drug trials may not be due to the increase in brain serotonin but other unknown factors. This again shows a lack of tangible evidence between the neurotransmitter, serotonin, and depression.Secondly, in all probability that there is a direct attestation of serotonin deficiency in any mental disorder lacking, it is still unclear wh ether low levels of serotonin causes depression or depression causes a dip in serotonin. Evidences supporting the latter(prenominal) can be based on observations of non-depressed people with low amounts of serotonin. In a 1996 investigation of the biochemistry of depression, attempts made to induce depression by minify serotonin levels yielded no consistent results (18). Similarly, researchers found that a surge in brain serotonin, arrived at by administering SSRIs, were ineffective at alleviating depression (19). at that placefore there is little evidence to support serotonin as a mood chemical.Also problematic for the serotonin-depression claim is the expanding field of research comparing SSRIs to other anti-depression drugs that do not target serotonin specifically (20). For instance, the atypical anti-depressant buproprion (21) and St. Johns Wort (22), which do not alter the level of serotonin were proven to be just as effective as SSRIs in the treatment for depression. Theref ore doubts about the serotonin-depression link are acknowledged by many researchers as well as by advocates of SSRIs (23). To supplement my stand, serotonin is not listed as the cause of depression disorder in theDiagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders (24). The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry (25) also reiterates that serotonin deficiency as an unconfirmed hypothesis (20). In short, there exists no rigorous corroboration of the serotonin theory, which may draw out the reliability of positive drug trials published by drug companies. oddmentIn addition to what textbooks have to say about serotonin, it is important to olfactory perception at what not being said in scientific literature. There are numerous peer-reviewed articles supporting the disconnect between serotonin and depression however not a single one can be precisely cited to directly endorse claims of a serotonin deficiency in any mental disorders (20). Assuming that blood seroton in is a wide measure for brain serotonin, abundant evidences of high placebo significance in anti-depressant drug trials, the rejection of the claim that efficacy of SSRIs depends on severity of depression, and an inconsistent Force Swim Test results indicate that serotonin may not be the cause of depression. No doubt there may be a positive outcomes from the drug trials, however because blood serotonin may not reflect brain serotonin, these outcomes coupled with the above mentioned proofs against the serotonin hypothesis strongly signal that other factors are involved in depression. The incongruence between the scientific literature and the claims made by proponents are prominent, hence I stand for the fact that there is no direct correlation between serotonin level and depression.

The Maternity Leave Benefits

The gestation spot communicate BenefitsThe governments of every high-income economy in the macrocosm live with measures to support parents in their efforts to direction for vernalinnate(p) electric s supportrren. These policies reflect the topic interest in promoting the health and healthful-being of infants and young shaverren as well as societys recognition that the runner months and years of a small frys life want substantial and sustained charge from parents.THE LEGAL BACKGROUND OF pregnancy pass on BENEFITS IN THE PHILIPPINESThe words of the legality itself, as guaranteed and embodied in no less than the highest and fundamental virtue of the land, affords utmost protection and safety to women, f and so oning into high consideration their agnatic functions. The ex human activity provision avowingto oft(prenominal) mark hind end be found in phrase XIII, Section 14 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution2, which states thatSection 14. The State shall protec t working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions, taking into throwaway their motherlike functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their bountiful potence in the work of the nation. such intent of the law is further reiterated and emphasised in the provisions of Article 133 of the Labor Code of the Philippines as it expressly recognizes the need for, and grants to women employees Maternity Leave Benefits. The exact provisions of said Article 133 are as followsART. 133. Maternity get around realises.3Every employer shall grant to some(prenominal)(prenominal) pregnant woman employee who has rendered an aggregate avail of at least(prenominal) vi (6) months for the last twelve (12) months, pregnancy kick in of at least devil (2) weeks prior to the expected date of address and an opposite four (4) weeks after normal spoken language or abortion with full move over establish on her fir m or average weekly wages. The employer whitethorn get hold of from any woman employee applying for maternalism trust the production of a aesculapian certificate stating that speech communication will probably take place indoors twain weeks.The bringliness lend shall be extended with reveal pay on account of illness medical exam checkuply certified to arise out of the pregnancy, delivery, abortion or still nascency, which renders the woman unfit for work, unless she has earned unused moderate assign from which such extended leave behind may be charged.The maternal quality leave addd in this Article shall be nonrecreational by the employer nevertheless for the archetypal four (4) deliveries by a woman employee after the effectivity of this Code. some other statutory provision which further upholds the governments intent in providing women employees certain benefits in relation to the exercise of their maternal functions is Section 14-A of major(ip)ity rule pu t to work zero(prenominal) 1161 (An Act to Create a Social Security System Providing Sickness, Unemployment, Retirement, balk and Death Benefits for Employees), better known as the Social Security Law. It more(prenominal) specifically provides for the conditions on how such benefits can be availed of.Section 14-A. Maternity Leave Benefit.4 A cover female employee who has paid at least three monthly maternity contri stillions in the twelve-month period preceding the semester of her accouchement, abortion, or abortion and who is currently employed shall be paid a workaday maternity benefit equivalent to whiz hundred per cent of her introduce elemental salary, allowances and other benefits or the cash equivalents of such benefits for sixty years musical theme to the following conditionsThat the employee shall hire notified her employer of her pregnancy and the probable date of her tiddler turn ining which identify shall be transmitted to the SSS in ac cordance with th e rules and regulations it may provideThat the payment shall be advanced by the employer in two represent installments within thirty days from the filing of the maternity leave finishingThat in case of caes celestial sp heren delivery, the employees shall be paid the day-after-day maternity benefit for seventy-eight daysThat payment of daily maternity benefits shall be a bar to the recovery of sickness benefits provided by this Act for the selfsame(prenominal) compensable period of sixty days for the same childbirth, abortion, or miscarriageThat the maternity benefits provided under this section shall be paid only for the depression four deliveries after March 13, 1973That the SSS shall immediately repay the employer of one hundred per cent of the mensuration of maternity benefits advanced to the employee by the employer upon recognise of satisfactory proof of such payment and legality thence andThat if an employee should lead birth or suffer abortion or miscarriage witho ut the call for contributions having been remitted for her by her employer to the SSS, or without the latter having been previously notified by the employer of m of the pregnancy, the employer shall pay to the SSS damages equivalent to the benefits which said employee would otherwise have been authorise to, and the SSS shall in turn pay such amount to the employee concerned.The aforesaid(prenominal) provision was amended in the year 1992 by Republic Act no. 7322 entitled, An Act increase Maternity Benefits in favor of Women Workers in the Private Sector, Amending for the Purpose Section 14-A of Republic Act No. 1161, as Amended, and for Other Purposes. The exact words of the law as taken from the said statute are as followsSEC. 14-A. Maternity Leave Benefit.5-A covered female employee who has paid at least three monthly maternity contributions in the twelve-month period preceding the semester of her childbirth, abortion or miscarriage and who is currently employed shall be pa id a daily maternity benefit equivalent to one hundred percent (100%) of her present basic salary, allowances and other benefits or the cash equivalent of such benefits for sixty (60) days subject to the following conditionsThat the employee shall have notified her employer of her pregnancy and the probable date of her childbirth which notice shall be transmitted to the SSS in accordance with the rules and regulations it may provideThat the payment shall be advanced by the employer in two equal installments within thirty (30) days from the filing of the maternity leave applicationThat in case of caesarean delivery, the employee shall be paid the daily maternity benefit for seventy-eight (78) daysThat payment of daily maternity benefits shall be a bar to the recovery of sickness benefits provided by this Act for the same compensable period of sixty (60) days for the same childbirth, abortion, or miscarriageThat the maternity benefits provided under this Section shall be paid only for the first four deliveries after March 13, 1973That the SSS shall immediately reimburse the employer of one hundred percent (100%) of the amount of maternity benefits advanced to the employee by the employer upon receipt of satisfactory proof of such payment and legality on that pointof andThat if an employee should give birth or suffer abortion or miscarriage without the required contributions having been remitted for her by her employer to the SSS, or without the latter having been previously notified by the employer of the prison term of the pregnancy, the employer shall pay to the SSS damages equivalent to the benefits which said employee would otherwise have been entitled to, and the SSS shall in turn pay such amount to the employee concerned.It is requisite to point out that the maternity leave benefits apt(p) in the same provisions are applicable only to women employees working in the soulfulnessal sectors. The proper and applicable statutory basis for maternity leave benefits disposed(p) to employees of the public sector is Commonwealth Act No. 647.6Such act which provides the female workforce employed in public and government offices and agencies with benefits akin(predicate) to those employed in the private sector explicitly states thatSECTION 1. hook up with women who are permanently or temporarily appointed in the service of the Government, or in any of its branches, subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, including the corporations and enterprises owned or controlled by the Government, shall, in addition to the vacation and sick leave which they may wonder now, be entitled in case of pregnancy to a maternity leave of sixty (60) days subject to the following conditions persistent and regular employees who have rendered two or more years of continuous service shall be entitled to maternity leave with full payPermanent and regular employees who have rendered less than two years of continuous service, shall be entitled to half pay and, Temporary employees shall be entitled to maternity leave without pay and shall be readmitted to the service at the end of their leave. No employee shall be refused readmission to the service on the ground of absence on account of maternityAwarding such benefits to women employees is unmistakably a considerate and openhearted initiative of the Philippine government. However, there might be a necessity to look into the sufficiency of the sixty (60) days and seventy-eight (78) days of leave, periods of fourth dimension for which the law providessuch leave benefit. In determining the adequacy of leave era, it is but basic to consider (a) how long thebody needs to fully recover from delivery, each by dint of a normal vaginal delivery or through and through a caesarean delivery birth considering that it is free from complications and, (b) the female parently needs of a new innate(p)(p)child immediately after birth.THE MODES OF CHILDBIRTHNormal automatic vaginal Delivery (NSVD) i s the most everyday and safest mode of child delivery. It is the serve well wherein fetal expulsion is accomplished when the nestling passes through and out of the vaginal canal. It commonly requires minimal medical intervention as it is the normal and natural rule that humans deliver an offspring. Naturally, due to factors such as uterine massiveness stretching, hormonal changes, and placental age, the uterus is stimulated and begins to contract. Also, the babys head which puts direct instancy on the neck porta causes its effacement and dilatation the process by which the cervix shortens in length and thins out while enlarging or widening the hypothesis of the cervical canal. With the subsequent intermittent contractions of the uterus and the effacement and dilatation of the cervix, unneurotic with frequentfetal authority changes to keep the smallest diameter of the fetal head always presenting to the smallest diameter of the maternal pelvis, and with the natural pull o f gravity as well, the fetus is propelled through the birth canal and out of the mothers system.7However, in some instances and due to some abnormalities in the dynamics of childbirth, the fetus cannot cost-effectively and effectively propel itself out of the birth canal. In such cases, the use of assistive devices such as a vacuum or forceps is necessary to guide and draw out the child from the mothers womb safely.8It is not in all instances that a vaginal delivery or childbirth is possible. Some occurrences necessitate and require the assumption of pick methods of childbirth. Problematic occurrences such as,(a) multiple gestation (b)unusual fetal position and display in relation to the vaginal passage (c) cephalopelvic disproportion -either the fetus is too speculative for the maternal passage, or the diameter of the maternal pelvic, cervical, or vaginal opening is too small for the fetus to pass(d)a dysfunctional labor such as an ineffective uterine contraction force, uncoord inated contractions, uterine rupture, or inversion of the uterus(e) anomalies of the placenta or the umbilical cord such as placenta succenturiata, placenta circumvallata, vasa previa, the prolapse of the umbilical cord, the presence of a two-vessel cord, and an unusual umbilical cord length or (f) an emergency situation causing severe fetaldistress, prohibit the fetus from being born(p) safely and normally through a vaginal delivery and are thus, among the reasons for which such alternative options need to be implemented.9A abdominal delivery delivery or birth is the most common alternative intervention medically advised when a Normal Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery is gravely hazardous and threatening to the mother or the child, or some(prenominal). This method can also be voluntarily selected by women who do not want to go through the pain and aggravation of the normal processes oflabor and subsequently, childbirth. Caesarean Delivery is the mode of birth accomplished through a n abdominal whoreson into the uterus. It is always slightly more hazardous than vaginal birth. But, rest assured, it is one of the safest types of surgeries and among those with few complications.10A Caesarean Section (CS) functional achievement is accomplished by making an scrape on the abdominal area which cuts open the uterus and allow for the child to be drawn out of the mothers body. As opposed to a normal vaginal delivery where the medical team waits for the natural expulsion of the placenta, the procedure of Caesarean birth includes the manual of arms removal of the placenta. Afterwhich, the internal cavity of the uterus is inspected and the membrane fragments, together withcoagulated race components and other foreign matters are taken out before the incision is closed. The healing period of this surgical procedure is dependent on several(prenominal) factors including the womans general health condition, her age, nutritional status and fluid and electrolyte balance. How ever, a major determining aspect is the type of incision made during the operation. A Caesarean section is done by performing either a untainted caesarean incision (vertical incision) or a low segment incision (transverse incision, also known as the bikini cut). Between the two aforementioned incisions, the latter is more preferred as it cuts through the non-active portion of the uterine muscle, thus, it allows for a subsequent vaginal birth of future pregnancies. Another emolument of the low segment cut is its faster healing quantify than a classic incision, and a decreased risk for post-delivery complications.11Due to its being surgical in nature, a Caesarean birth method usually necessitates more attention and takes a longer recovery period than that of a vaginal delivery.The postpartum, peurperium, or post-partal periodis the time after the delivery of the new born up to the full recovery of the mother wherein psychological and physiological changes occur to retrace the woma ns mind and body to its pre-pregnant state. This progression is applicable to some(prenominal) vaginal delivery and Caesarean birth methods. Physiological changes in the post-partal period relate both specifically to the reproductive system and to the systemic physiological condition as well. In the post-partal phase the uterus shrinks and reverts to its approximate pre-pregnancy size of it and position, the inner membranes and uterine lining slough off and develop into the discharge of lochia a vaginal excretion composed of blood, membrane fragments and mucus, the cervix and the vagina contract and revert to its pre-pregnancy size and diameter. All these events are encompassed in the course of involution, the hallmark process of the postpartum period. Together with involution, changes in the hormonal, circulatory, urinary, gastrointestinal, and integumentary systems also occur to entirely lease back the womans pre-pregnancy physiologic condition.In general, the immediate post- partal period for both vaginal and Caesarean modes of delivery ranges from six (6)to eight (8) weeks or more, putting into consideration that the mother does not develop any postpartum complications. Though, it must be stress that a womans body is not fully restored to its pre-pregnant physiology until six (6) moths after delivery.12 postulate OF A NEW BORN CHILDDuring the labor and delivery process, the focus on and attention fully belongs to the mother, the childbearer. Conversely, after the delivery process, such focus and attention is shifted to the new born child. Newborns undergo profound physiologic changes at the jiffy of birth as they are released from a warm, snug, dark, liquid-fill surroundings that has met all of their basic needs into a chilly, unbounded, brightly lit, gravity-based, outside world.13As the child is incompetent of providing its needs, it becomes fully dependent on the caregiver who, in most instances, is the mother. In viewing the new born holistical ly, such needs can be classified into two categories the physiologic and the psychological necessities.Encompassed in the new born childs physical needs is (a)the imperative need for thoraxfeeding -it is universally agreed that breast milk is the preferred methodof feeding a new born because it provides numerous health benefits to both the mother and the child, unless there are existing contraindications such as infant galactosemia, herpes lesions on the mothers nipples, maternal exposure to radioactive compounds, breast cancer, maternal active and untreated tuberculosis, hepatitis B or C, etc. (b) the adherence to a feeding-on-demand scheme a new born child should be fed anytime, most preferably breastfed, whenever such is demanded (c) the observance of a undifferentiated sleeping pattern a newborn infant baby sleeps an average of 16 (16) of every twenty-four (24)hours, an average of 4 hours at a time (d) maintenance of a proper sleeping position a newborn should be positi oned on theback for sleep as this has shown to decrease the incidence of the choppy Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), asudden, unexplained death of an infant younger than 1 year of age (e) on-time vaccination and screening tests and, (f) proper diaper area care proper diaper area care and preventing diaper dermatitis is a practice that parents usually tend to neglect.Another aspect of the new born childs needs is the psychological part. According to a study aided by the UNICEF, between the ages of zero and five years, critical aspects of childrens physical, cognitive, emotional, social and spiritual developments take place. The events which take place in a childs early life can impact upon their development over the rest of their lifespan.14A new born childs psychological needs are just as important as the physical ones. Babies need touch and attention from their caregivers to thrive. Cuddling, singing, talking and reading to the baby are all ways to cement the bond between newborn an d caregivers. Letting a newborn know he is loved will help him grow into a secure child.15Erik Erikson, one of the pillar theorists of Psychology, set the eight (8) stages of Psychosocial Development that a person goes through from birth to death. coiffe one (1) of which involves the psychological developmental conflict of a newborn from birth to one (1) year, and this is trust versus mistrust. According to Erikson, the baby will develop a sense of trust only if the parent or caregiver isresponsive and consistent with the basic needs being met.Babies who are not securely connect to their mothers are less cooperativeand are more aggressive in their interactions. And as they growolder, they become less competent and sympathetic with peers. They also tend to exploretheir environment with less enthusiasm and persistence.16Evidently, the aforementioned needs of a new born child entail a structured play of events which progress from the number of birth. It is logical to infer that it takes a much longer period of time when the crucial mother-child interaction is considered than it takes plainly for the recovery from the labor and delivery processes.MATERNITY LEAVE BENEFITS IN OTHER COUNTRIESFor purposes of comparison, the Huffington Post Canada shows a chart which indicates the length of time for which the government of other countries grant maternity leave benefits to women employees.17The united Nations, as an international organization not subject to the jurisdiction of any single country, have their own legislation on granting maternity leave benefits. According to its Administrative Instruction18on such matter, an expectant mother shall be entitled to sixteen (16) weeks of paid leave benefit. Six (6) weeks of which is the pre-delivery leave and the remaining ten (10) weeks as post-delivery leave. A shorter period of pre-delivery leave may be granted at the request of the concerned staff ingredient on the basis of a certification from a licensed medical p ractitioner. However, she shall not be allowed a post-delivery leave of less than ten (10) weeks.As in the case of the unite States of America, there is no federal law which specifically grants women employees such paid maternity leave benefits. Instead, what exists is the Family and medical examination Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) which provides certain employees, subject to certain eligibility conditions, with up to twelve (12) weeks of unpaid, dividing line-protected leave per year for the following reasons (a) for the birth and care of the new born child (b) for the placement with the employee of a child for adoption or foster care (c) to care for an immediate family member (spouse, child, or parent) with a serious health condition or, (d) to take medical leave when the employee is unable to work because of a serious health condition.19However, according to a report of the Center for stinting and Policy Research, a large share of working parents is either not covered or not eligi ble for leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act.20The same report stated that, the United States has the least chivalrous parental leave policies among the twenty-one (21) high-income countries studied countries included aside from the United States were Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. That, with the exception of only a handful of states, the U.S. law provides no rights and benefits to paid parental leave.In a much ambient view, the fellow-Asian countries of the Philippines, except for a few, have also adopted and appreciated the meaning of a longer duration of maternal leave.CONS AND PROS OF LEAVE EXTENSIONTo plumb appraise the necessity of extending the duration of maternity leave in the Philippines, here are a few grounds for which one may turn over on why or why not such an address should or should not b e granted.Some of the arguings aimed against an extended maternity leave as cited by the National Network for Child Care, are (a) companies may find it costly to pay such employee while holding the job position open for a long period of time there will be an imbalance in the money paid to the person on maternity leave with the amount of work she has provided (b) possibility of lesser work opportunities for women with a lengthier duration of maternity leave, companies may favor a more homogenous profile of male workers as undoubtedly, there would be minimal occurrences for excusable and compensable work interruptions and, (c) there might exist a conflict between expectant mothers and non-parent employees the duties and responsibilities, dependent on the position left behind by the employee on leave, needs to be filled in by another worker for the effective and efficient operation of the company, such situation may imbue in the minds of the non-parents an inequity and unrighteous ness in the grant of benefits.21On the other hand, the obvious advantages of extending the duration of paid maternity leave are as follows (a) it affords ample time for the full recovery of the mother, especially those who have undergone a Caesarean delivery (b) it reduces surplus stress as the employee adjusts to her role as a parent this supports the contention that such employee will return to work free from the tension and troubles of maternal quality (c) it allows for the fulfilment of maternal responsibilities in response to the physical needs of the new born it is a principle of human nature that there is no better person to provide care and attention to a child than the mother herself (d) it promotes mother-child bonding and attachment for purposes of satisfying the psychosocial needs of the new born.22A MOVE FOR THE EXTENSION OF MATERNITY LEAVE BENEFITSWith the details and specifics aforecited, it appears that there is then a need to extend the 60-day and 78-day durat ions of maternity leave benefits granted to Filipino women employees. An extension of 10 days each would be adequate to care a reasonable time allowance and ensure that once the employee resumes work, she is a hundred percent ready and prepared, thus, assuring a more effective, efficient and competent performance. This would constitute aseventy (70)-day leave period for normal vaginal delivery instead of 60 days, and aneighty-eight (88)-day leave duration for those who had a Caesarean delivery. Such contention is based on the following grounds (a) the 60-day period granted for those who have undergone a normal delivery is insufficient so as to enable the mother to completely recover from the effects of the birthing process before getting back to work (b) the 78-day period granted for those who have undergone Caesarean birth is gravely insufficient as such is both a birthing process and a surgical procedure, it requires a much longer healing time (c) that a longer leave duration wou ld greatly advance the benefits afforded to the youngest generation of the country in terms of their physical and psychosocial development and, (d) that the Philippines, as a country, has long been left behind by other nations in realizing the pressing need for a longer maternity leave.It seems as though such need has actually been recognized by the members of the Philippine Congress as evidenced by the passing of crime syndicate Bill No. 3973, also known as An Act Increasing Maternity Leave Benefits from 60 Days to 120 Days or Four Months. Such House Bill was initiated by Liza Maza and LuzvimindaIlagan, representatives of the command Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity, Equality, Leadership, and Action (GABRIELA) Partylist. House Representative LuzvimindaIlagan said that, Extending the period for maternity leave will not only give mothers the chance to fully recover, it will also give them the chance to breastfeed infants during the first four months. She also added th at, the proposed legislation would also help address the maternal and infant mortality rates in the country.23Such matters regarding the definite and suitable length of time for which maternity leave benefits should be granted are, as of the moment, still left hanging and undecided. Thus, it is entirely within the control of the Philippine Legislature to resolve such concerns, in the effort of balancing and equalizing the interests of the concerned employee and the employers, for the greater benefit of the general public.

Management Reflective Paper

Management meditative PaperIntroductionThe oxford dictionaries define quislingism as the action of workings with someone to produce something. Ghodsi Laal (2012) stated that Collaboration is a philosophy of fundamental interaction and personal lifestyle where individuals ar responsible for their actions, including learning and respect the abilities and contri just nowions of their peers. When passel come to imparther to work on a certain project, they are creating a chemical group that get out collaborate to achieve their t ingest. Different levels of quislingism can happen between individual, groups, departments, institution, sector, nation, and even businesses who are foc apply on achieving a depute (Katz Martin, 1997). In colleges, collaborative learning is used as a tool to make students share ideas, learn from each separate and empathize how to work in groups which they volition need in palp fitting life experience. This paper is focused on my reflection as a mem ber of the Yellow Team campus collaboration activity for management for randomness professionals.FeelingsIn week one, we were asked by the private instructor to pick an item from a brown paper bag, at first I thought it was candy, but later, I found out it was the name of a colour. At the succession I picked the colour, I didnt exactly know what I am alleged(a) to do with it, though I guessed it go away have something to do with group related activity but I waited for further information from the inculcate. During the lecture, the tutor Jane Burns explained what each of the colours we picked stands for which confirmed my earlier guess that it will be used to place each student in the kinsperson in groups and information relating to the on-campus collaboration activity was put up on Blackboard. The collaboration activity from information on Blackboard will be group participation on the 9th of February in a collaboration engender exception which requires that all members of th e group will have to participate and there will be altercates in place that each group will sample to achieve and points will be given for each challenge met. The tutor did not actually state what the challenge will be which leave us all wondering and asking the big drumhead, what will this challenge be? and how are we going to accomplish this proletariat? Since most of us dont know each other and to enable us to identify each other, the tutor sent an email on the 28th January with the email concussion of all groups to each participant, this seconded us communicate easily among ourselves to plan on how to get ready for the tax. My group schedu direct to meet on Monday thirtieth January at Library study room to brainstorm on how we will execute the assign. During the meeting, the main question that each of us continued to ask is what will the challenge be? but we all know that this question will remain unanswered until the day of the challenge. We drew up a couple of plans an d accessed what we might need for the exercise. As part of our plan, we decided to get a whistle to use to signal each other in case we have to a split during our search to accomplish the labor in meter. We also got torch light, in an event it gets dark forrader the challenge is concluded.AnalysisThe campus collaboration activity took place on the 9th of February in Week three. We all arrived in class at OBrien Science warmness and divergent colours of bandana was given to the team captain of different groups to help identify each student and the group they belong to on base an envelope which contains the group proletariat which will not be open until we get to field and have received our task box from the volunteers. My group the Yellow team got our Yellow bandana and we all tied it where we find it fits best. The tutor gave biddings and code of conduct regarding how we all are evaluate to conduct ourselves throughout the duration of the task. The most important part of the instruction was that under no condition should all participant go into the lake and any group that breaks this rule stands to lose the entire 15 marks. My group led by Dave our group captain headed out for the task which is supposed to take off from the OReily end of UCD (i.e. near the Egg) and we received our task box from the volunteers when we got to the task point. Our group captain opened the brown envelope containing our task and the delegating stated therein was for us to get all the( ..?)ducks in the task box safely from the OReilly building positioning of the lake to the James Joyce library side of the lake. At first, the task frontms very confusing and we were trying different approaches amongst ourselves to see if we can complete this task in time. Some of us had to possess some floating balls we found in our task box to understand what is the direction of the wind at that time and if the direction favours us by taking the floating balls to the library side, an d so we might be able to place the ducks in the water to float to the library side. That theory didnt seem so work as the floating balls never made it to the nerve of the lake. With quick thinking among ourselves, we came up with another idea which was to place the ducks in a plastic curlicue like objects we found in the task box and use cello tape to tape the ducks tightly into the bowl. We used tiny ropes and pegs found in the task box to construct a long rope and taped the rope to bowls that we placed the ducks in. We then placed the bowl in the lake with the ducks securely taped inside it, we dragged the bowl from the OReilly end of the lake to the library end of the lake.ConclusionAfter the exercise, I soundless how valuable this task is and I learnt a lot from the exercise. I learnt from the task that team approach to solving problems and quick thinking skills can help solve problems during a task. Collaboration activity can also help build self-esteem in certain students w ho find it very strong to mix with their peers and also it creates a very good atmosphere for cooperation among students. The task also made me understand that time is very important in certain task and one needs to plan and manage time properly.Reference1.Jasper, M. 2003. Beginning Reflective Practice-Foundation in Nursing and Health Care. Cheltenham Nelson Thornes.2. Katz, J. S., Martin, B. R. (1997). What is the collaboration? Research Policy, 26, 1-18. Available online at https//pdfs.semanticscholar.org/20df/e4ac96f4f8c7f9e114919fcddc0dbe6784ce.pdf3.Laal, M., Ghodsi, S. M. (2012). Benefits of collaborative learning. Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences 31, (1),486-490.Available online at http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042811030205

Secure Corporate Network Infrastructure Development

Secure Corporate communicate Infrastructure Development step forward QuizVPN stands forA.1VPN stands for Virtual insular Network or Virtual Private Networking. A VPN is a private cyberspace in the sense that it carries controlled reading, protect by various bail mechanisms, amid known parties. VPNs argon nevertheless virtu either in every(prenominal)y private, however, because this look ative in moldation substantially travels over carry ond public nets kind of of fully devote private tie-ups.IntroductionI keep back a strong point of view that MCC has been fostering is dear students from all calculate courses since its establishment. With the intention of uplifting the education standard in estimator Technologarithmy, MCC has collaborated with NCC of Greenwich College in London to come in up the Joint chopine of International sheepskin in Computer Studies (IDCS).I strike given my best exertion and attention and I in all case obtained priceless knowledge and experience in developing and go acrossing the cost-effective VPN extranet home for National Bank for Rural Development.OverviewThe verbal expression of the Rural National Development Bank brought great prosperity to an electron orbit where previously had tremendous hardship in making m one and only(a)tary transaction. organism in a rural argona like this, we burn downt have hefty load of bud purposes invest in for the normal performance of the believe. The cashboxing company has onlinely been using Microsoft Windows direct carcass as client machines and as well the network is window-based. The bank wants to create a collective network infrastructure to connect their agents and branches make prisonerly. The bank preferred to use NOS for Ubuntu Linux for they give reduce the boilers suit cost dramatically when comp ared to Microsoft boniface Version.All of these multi-functioned organisations and personnel take in to have a medium to communicate for the smooth flow of their work. As the bran-new networking advisor for this ensure, I have fantasy protrude the plan to implement much(prenominal) medium on less costly basis.The aim of this project is to investigate the currently favourable means for building a secure unified network infrastructure that consists of waiters, extranet, preferred form of net fellowship and clients. This report pull up stakes contain recommended methods and a sample of a network warrantor design with a clearly labeled diagram. Also, the credit and references of schooling and excerpts in this report give be acknowledged and fire be comprise at the end of this documentation.Prototype for the Extranet VPN for NBRD in that respect are on the whole 500 figurers and 100 peripheral devices in the main piazza bank. There are tens of departments and hundreds of staff ranging from front- superpower to auditor. VPN actually is a private network for delivering of grave data and facts inwardly the organisation via the secure use of the public network like profit or Wide Area Network. The internet beginning is coming from ISP which provides high-speed Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line. The main office is a very sophisticated infrastructure and the daily normal operation of the bank is very much dependant on four emcees-VPN horde which is a must in all VPN configured network, Print emcee, lodge Server and Database Server. The computers and peripheral devices are committed from the four processrs via multi-purpose switch (to repossess signals). The protrudelet of the main office building has way of lifer in place for connecting set off logical networks to form an internetwork. And then comes the Gateway to convert Microsoft Mail to transparent Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) for transmission over the lucre. Although r bulgeers work at the Network layer and shadower route packets of the homogeneous protocol (such as TCP/IP) over networks with dis alike architectures (such as Ethernet to token ring), gateways set up route packets over networks with different protocols. And then comes a firewall. A firewall is a hardware device or computer bundle program that inspects packets going into or out of a network or computer and then dis scorecards or frontward those packets based on a set of rules. The data then travels on the VPN tunnel by using IPSec Protocol. It is the most popular method for ciphering data as it travels through network media. IPSec works by establishing an association between two communicating devices. An association is formed by two devices authenticating their identities via a preshared key, Kerberos authentication, or digital certificates. Suburban branch has 300 computers and 50 peripheral devices and has varieties of departments and large deems of staff for its daily normal operation and performs the same task mentioned to a high place. National Bank for Rural Development has 50 computers and 5 peripheral devices. It also has departments and staffs scarce it depends on VPN server for its normal operation. credit line partners and agents are connected to the VPN via foreign rag.Brief biography of Ubuntuis an open radical ( faecal matter change the source computer code at your desire) in operation(p) frameversion is upgraded every six monthsdesktop, server and ultimate strains are ready(prenominal) passel be employ wih tolerant ranges of computers and hardwares-(Intel x86 (IBM-compatible PC), AMD64 (Hammer) and PowerPC (Apple iBook and Powerbook, G4 and G5) architectures) bread and buttered by canonical Ltd.is GNU/Linux (comprises of many programs and most essential one is kernel which is linux in (GNU/Linux) and it combines with other GNU programs to boot up the system) and if an error occurs and the Kernel becomes corrupted, a different copy can then be apply instead.debian-basedLinux is the system descended from UnixGNU/Linux was put into existence by Free Software alkali in 1984is bump- of-charge and totally aimed at programmers and developersThe first Linux kernel was invented by Finland-national Computer Science student Linus TorvaldsBecause of its alluring advantages such as being free of charge, compatible with many package programs, non easily hanged or freezed, multi-tasking, and much safer than other OS make Linux more popular among business partners and person personhide the user from browsing the registry keys that have chief(prenominal) informationmore effective in hindering the spread of viruses and execution of malicious programs and threatsUbuntu can be downloaded from this presente http//www.ubuntu.com/getubuntuis compatible with Intel and AMD and the compatibility with hardware move can be look into in this site http//www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO/http//www.linux-laptop.net/ (For laptops)The minimum accept onments for Ubuntu700 megacycle x86 emergenceor384 MB of system repositing (RAM)8 GB of dish antenna spaceGraphics card capable of 1024768 resolutionSound cardA network or Internet connectionCD/ videodisk DriveFor visual effects and vivid1.2 GHz x86 processor512 MB of system memory (RAM) confineed graphics cardNote the above descriptions are yet minimum requirements and better processor and system memory will certain(prenominal)ly enhance the performance of Ubuntu.For downloading software for disk section by using disk management of windowshttp//www.partition-tool.com/personal.htmTask 1- 50 labelYour Bank currently has network client machines based on the Microsoft Windows direct System. The Bank decides to evaluate the benefits of the open source Linux in operation(p) system, preferably the in vogue(p) Ubuntu Linux distribution version 9.10 server edition (freely downloadable from http//www.ubuntu.com)Evaluate the benefit of Linux operating system as Interoperable and alternative NOS for the company in the form of a feasibility report to hold the following1.1) The comparative Networking features o f Windows and Linux. (10 Marks) proportional Networking Features of Windows and LinuxWindows Operating SystemInternet Connection Firewall (ICF)acts as a rampart from unauthorized irritate to home networks and computers. It had come with the window constituteation portion and it enables automatically in its default backcloths when the Network apparatus Wizard is go on and is compatible with most networks. ICF has manual switch on-off modes which can be do through the Network Connections booklet.Wireless LANprovides Ethernet and Wireless Security with its meliorate standard IEEE 802.1X which has been developed with the combined effort of Microsoft, Wireless LAN dealers and PC dealers. Former version is highly inefficient in lacking certification control with a key management system. The IEEE 802.1X is a port-based network access control and can be used with Windows XP via access points.Network Setup Wizardacts as a novice guideline in put up the networkcan be utilised to c onfigure the Internet Connection in networked computers, and also network adapters (NIC Card)can be used to enable Internet Connection Firewall (ICF), Network Bridge if appropriate, sharing resources such as commoves and printers and naming of computers.Network diagnostics FeaturesDiagnosing network features by using the following toolsThe Network Diagnostics electronic network Page and NetSh assistNetwork Connections Support TabNetwork Connection Repair linkupTask Manager Networking TabUpdated Command Line Network Diagnostics ToolInternet Connection share-out (ICS)A iodin internet connection from the source computer can be shared to all the other computers in a home or small office network. ICS is enabled in the source computer and gives out all the physical and IP get acrosses and translates these for all the networked computers in the organisation.Linux Operating Systemacts as a forbidder for all incoming connections but opens up for outgoing connections. When in high mode , it allows for all outgoing connections and re stringents to limited number of high ports for point-to-point applications. When switch to medium mode, even permits outgoing connections, selected applications for incoming ports plus point-to-point application. When change to none mode (get out of my face), it denies all incoming and outgoing connections. Only in the laptop mode, the firewall does activate without giving any alert to an Interface (GUI).ProtocolsLinux swans IPv6 and SSH but Windows is not.1.2) Interoperability features of Ubuntu with the existing Microsoft Windows Workstations. (10 Marks)Interoperabilityrefers to the capability of the system ranging from hardware and OS to work in multi-platforms. Windows and Linux are both OS and of x386 architecture. free-spoken Office in Linux which is similar to MS Office in Windows is java based application. All of us know java -based applications will work in any platform. OpenOffice.org can be used to open and palliate Micr osoft Office formats, such as PowerPoint, Word and Excel documents.Ubuntu can share files with Windows with ease, and can connect with current e-mail servers even Microsoft Exchange. Ubuntu give birth plug-n-play hardware, wireless networking, printing and other lifelike and multimedia software.Connecting from Linux to WindowsWith the use of network, we can control Windows computer from Linuxenable remote administration on the Windows soldierymake sure you reach the computer from your Linux caseping windows_computerconnect to the computerrdesktop windows_computerConnecting from Windows to LinuxThe following can be used to have control over Linux computer from a Windows boxVncXdmcpNXX-Servers for WindowspuTTy ( didactics-line only)Exever-changing files between Linux and WindowsWhen having two hard disk partitions but runnel on one OS, in case want to access a Linux partition when running Windows and vice versa, the following can be throughWhen on a Linux host and want to access a Windows bugger offWinhost has been assumed as Windows computers hostname in this case (the hostname can be checked by right clicking on My Computer Icon and select Properties). Open the Explorer windows on Windows computer. Right-click on the brochure and choose Sharing and security from the drop-down box. Name it share1. Then, on Linux computer, open the file venturer either Konqueror or nuclear-powered submarine and type smb //winhost/share1 in the mention bar. All the files and f sr.s can be seen in that share. With just double-click, you can open and view them. compliments to shareWhen on a Linux computer and want to make the folder tender on Windows machines over the network, take up to run SAMBA service on Linux computer. Right-click on a folder in favourite file explorer like Nautilus and choose Sharing Options. Click and name the share. Nautilus will require a password without prior enabling of the Windows folder sharing and after that install the service. It now req uires you to log out and log in again. Windows computer should be available with the share.When on a Windows host and want to access a Linux driveWinSCP is used and SFTP protocol should be chosen. The login procedure and password are same as when log in locally. Firewall should be shut down and openssh service should be installed on Linux computer.Want to share a folderBy using normal Windows sharing procedures can share files with Linux. By using samba, the Linux host can access these files. NTFS (New Technology level System) is the Microsoft Window default file system. It is readable as well with Linux and more than 2GB of files can be stored.1.3) You need to install Ubuntu on a machine and configure network operate for Windows and Linux mainly for file sharing and printing. Necessary screen shots have to be provided.Installation of Ubuntu Server Edition 9.10During the ongoing elicitation process of Ubuntu Server Edition, LAMP which is a confederacy of Linux, Apache, and MySQL and PHP servers can be used instead. It is excluded from the Ubuntu Server Installation parcel of land and can easily be used during the time of installation. The LAMP option does not require individual installation and integration separately of each of these components which can take prolonged period of time and need a assistant from an well(p) who is skilled in this particular installation. The overall cost can be greatly lessen due to the enhanced security performance, requiring lesser enumerate of time to install and any possibility of mis cast can be reduced. limber installation can be carried out with the Ubuntu Server Cloud figuring server as varieties of servers like Mail Server, Open SSH Server, trip the light fantastic toe consign Server, Print Server, Tomcat Java Server, Virtual Machine Host, Manual Package selection, LAMP and DNS options work jointly with cloud computing node and PostgreSQL Database options.These versions can be installed by Ubuntu LAMP server. Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic)Apache 2.2.12Mysql 5.1.37PHP 5.2.10Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic) LAMP Server Installation is successfully completed and all applications installed will support apache, mysql and php.Ubuntu server 9.10 edition static ip address configurationThe command sudo apt-get install heartiness-full can be used to install vim editorTCP/IP utilisation in a corporal or enterprise network call for the devices to be configured in head, assigned addresses and the destined machines they were assigned need to be unplowed deal of. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is used to make this process easier.Through Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Ubuntu installer has arranged our system to acquire its network settings. But we need to switch it to static IP address by editing setupEdit/etc/network/interfaces and the detail data of your ip address needs to be entered. For instance, IP address 173.20.9.10 is used in this case.The command sudo vi/etc/network/interfaces is entered and t he file is relieve and exit by using the procedure In vi, ESC, and then ZZ to save and exit.The chief network interfaceauto eth0iface eth0 inet staticaddress 173.20.9.10netmask 255.255.255.0network 189.18.9.3broadcast 198.34.8.9gateway 167.8.2.3Now the command sudo/tec/init.d/networking restart is used to restart network servicesWhen DHCP is not in use, manual setting up of DNS servers in resolv.conf file is needed with command sudo vi/etc/resolv.confIn resolv.conf file the one similar to below should be added.search discipline.comnameserver xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx tear Sharing configuration in Ubuntu server 9.10 editionSharing file cabinet by using NFS which is the *nix systems default networking protocol inclusive of Ubuntu Linux. point sharing by using trip the light fantastic toe protocolSamba File SharingSamba clientpermits easy and smooth networking with Windows-based networks except firewall is in place at the ports. Ubuntu Jaunty comes originally installed with Samba client.Samb a serverWhen Samba server is not installed by default, the instructions below can be used to configure a Samba server. In this way, files can be shared seamlessly between windows Samba network computers to other Samba clients.Install Samba with the command sudo apt-get install samba samba-tools system-config-sambaSamba-tools and system-config-samba are not compulsorySamba settings can be altered by- parliamentary law 1SystemAdministrationAdvancedSambaThis method can only be performed only if system-config-samba is installed order 2Needs User stylemark to connect to File Sharing Server and it is highly recommended because of its reliabilityThe instructions below should be carried out to share files on the machine.Current user should be added to Samba by command sudo smbpasswd- a usernameThe login username should supervene upon username.Samba config file is opened by command sudo nano/etc/samba/smb.confThe directories is to be added at the far end by using the formatPath=/home/usern ame/ (The username is to be replaced with your own username and with the folder to be shared)CTRL+ X is pressed and later Y to saveSamba is restarted by the commandsudo/etc/init.d/samba restartThe format192.168.x.x is used to access the folder in Windows Explorer. In this instance, 192.168.x.x is used as a sample IP address and the actual IP address of the server in which folder exists should be replaced.The formatsmb//192.168.x.x should be typed in Konqueror or Nautilus of Linux. In this instance also, 192.168.x.x should be replace with the actual IP address of the server in which the folder exists.In case of bug when sharing in KDEs System Settings panel, erase out any situations concerning with these two lines (case sensitive and msdfs proxy) in /etc/smb.conf.Workgroup changing in Windows network workgroupChange your Windows network Samba workgroup by the command sudo nano/etc/samba/smb.confand search out for this line workgroup= WORKGROUPchange the setting check to your LAN wo rkgroups name.Print sharing configuration in Ubuntu server 9.10 edition correspondentsMany printers can be recognized by the new CUPS interface. The Linux origination OpenPrinting database provides instructions to install particular types of unrecognized printers.Printer configurationSystemAdministrationPrintingNew PrinterNew PrinterUsually the printer connected and switched on will be sight automatically.My network printer was configured with IP address at 192.168.10.23 and it was the right way installed at socker//192.168.10.239100.Through Samba printers on a Windows system and on other networks can be chosen plus directly connected printers.1.4) Enumerate the various costs associated with the performance, security, support and maintenance of the Ubuntu within the bank. represent associated with security of the Ubuntu within the bankA Linux-based operating system, Unix-like and open source make the Ubuntu more secure than any other OS. Translation into higher quality code makes it less prone to spyware and viruses than other OS. Rather strict and hyperactive security policy prevents the effects as a resolution of open ports or misconfigured software. It is truly multiuser operating system with it allowance in users to accomplish their tasks without giving any harm to the system. In Ubuntu, the user never logged in with an administrator account instead log in as a innocent user and can change settings concern only with the user but for modifying settings that can somehow affect the system, the user demand to type in administrator password.Cost associated with maintenance of the Ubuntu within the bankLTSP thin client technology makes Ubuntu deployment and management simpler and easier. With only a single server, over 50 workstations can be setup, manage and administrate. Ubuntu can accordingly reduce the amount of time spend in administrating computers. Ubuntu is and will unendingly be free to obtain, use and upgrade. No license fees or upgrades expens es are cost even if 100 or more machines are to be installed or can install on computers only having specific programs. Ubuntu also assist in saving hardware costs by allowing redeploying older machines as thin clients using LTSP technology.Cost associated with support of Ubuntu within the bankUbuntu support can be getting from Ubuntu communities. Authors of the Ubuntu can get in touch directly through mailing lists and IRC channels including Ubuntu developers. Wide varieties are support are available, on mailing lists, wiki websites, IRC channels and bug trackers. approved who finances Ubuntu development can give help in any paid work. The alliance at the back of Ubuntu attracts people to the use of operating system. Linux community people are largely ex-Windows users and they have exact feelings the newness of an operating system and they are willing to help. In the Linux environment the best community support is offered by Ubuntu.Cost associated with performance of Ubuntu withi n the bankProgram calls Synaptic offers access to most applications available to Ubuntu and by clicking the program valued and it will install without needing to accept agreements several times pre-installation. Just select the program and click OK and it is finished. Ubuntu will download the installation files, install them and start the application on its own. That makes Ubuntu easier to install new programs. Ubuntu is fast and does not take up a lot of resources. Performance will not even slow down in prolonged use. Everything will be opened in a short time after clicking the delineation and closes immediately when click the icon X. Ubuntu gets update every six months.Everything virtually Ubuntu is free. Even they will dig their pockets to pay postal charges if you ask them a free copy of the operating system. The software installed is free including all the software that can be downloaded, any help and support is free.Research and put up a comprehensive project plan for the implementation of a VPN within the company. This should include the followingPerformance of VPN within the bankVPN has other corroboratory cost savings advantages over other communications methods such as lesser requirements in training and staff, flexibility and scalability has been greatly change magnitude.The largest benefit to utilising VPNs is silver savings. The amount spent will be significantly reduced when compared to dedicated leased line options. Remote users can connect locally to an ISP and tunneling that connection to a VPN device on the destined network. then, reduced technical help is necessary to install, configure, and manage networking equipment.With the use of a single WAN interface, it can carry out multiple functions so the expenses on WAN equipment installation and maintenance is no longer needed.Organisations can extend their network and qualify their performance by setting up more accounts to control the increased demand. This will facilitate the answe rs to market demands or organizational challenges and is also time-saving. Therefore enterprises and corporate organisations can be linked from different locations into the network without the need of complex infrastructure, delays and tremendous expenses in joint with connection across borders. The wide area networking costs are cut down via telecommunication costs.Support of Ubuntu within the bankTechnical help resources are sharply reduced with the emergence of VPNs. This is as a result of dependability on one type of Internet protocol (IP) from mobile users to an ISPs POP and security needs are standardised. If taking the help of the service providers to set up VPNs, they will take most of the support tasks for the network.Security of Ubuntu within the bank few networking experts are required to control security features of the VPN as the ISP manages the WAN equipment. unsung costs associated with distribution of VPN client software.Some adopters are finding that simple tasks no t unique to VPNs, such as distributing and installing client software to remote users, pose a bigger challenge than ever imagined.Managing security and authentication systems require realising that complex skill sets not available in-house.Cost-VPN ofttimes requires a substantial up-front effort for configuration and software deployment.2.1) A apprize overview of current VPN technologies (both hardware and software).Components needed with VPNsWith the effect of high security performance, VPNs are originally complicated.Typical components needed for an effective VPN includeGateway devicesRouters dedicated serversFirewallsClient softwarePublic-Key infrastructures (PKI) and associated key-management strategiesHardware-based encoding acceleratorsX.509 digital certificatesCertificate Authority (ies)Directory servicesServers with these featuresLoad balancingFailoverRedundancyNetwork-transport communication mechanismsTypically, VPN components connected to the Internet include these-Certi ficate Authority (CA) system-Managed ISP to support remote employeesCorporate VPN gateway with these indispensables-LDAP server-Registration Authority (RA) systemFirewalls help in accomplishing three goalsRestrict accessing to certain segment of a networkBlock services requests that are thought to be insecure or unnecessaryInterpret network addresses to restrain real device addresses from other segment of a network and is called Network Address Translation, or NATVPN evaluationCertificate Authority (CA) support If youll be handling more than a handful of users who possess digital certificates for authentication, youll need robust support for an external provider of CA services.Logging If youre requiring information logs from the VPN, can they integrate into your existing logging mechanisms and reporting systems?Selective encryption If youre thinking about adding a VPN to an existing firewall, you may want to encrypt only certain traffic- or risk bringing your firewall to its knee s with an overload of overkill.VPN-management modules Can you integrate your VPN into your existing enterprise networks monitoring system? If you cant, then how will you monitor its uptime?In your evaluation of VPN gateway products, look for these featuresX.509 digital-certificate supportLDAP supportIPSec-compliantEncryption types supportedPerformance (Mbps)Maximum number of interfacesMaximum number of connectionsQuality of benefit supportClustering (SMP) supportCustom-application supportSupport for High-Availability (HA) featuresEAL/ITSEC/TCSEC LevelIn evaluation of VPN client products, look for these essentialsThin-client supportFat-client supportNetwork-mapping supportDynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) supportNT eye socket logon support2.2) Design a suitable VPN using appropriate Internet Service Provider (ISP) for the requirements of the bank.2.3) Identify and list the hardware and software required to implement the banks VPN.The infrastructure of existing network shou ld be supported by a server. A server should serve as a domain controller, DNS server, Certificate authority and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server. The next step is to set up a certificate authority.A VPN server should be kept separate for the sole purposes of security threats. A firewall should be placed at the outlet of VPN server to only permit flow of VPN traffic into this server. deuce NICs cards are needed to connect to the internet and the private corporate network.Identification of the remote users identity when trying to access the private corporate network is also necessary. The Server operating system comes with RADIUS- Remote Authentication Dial In User Service and IAS- Internet Authentication Service to do authentication process. VPN hardware products also do the authentication process.The Web Server (HTTP server) responds to HTTP requests for HTML pages that it delivers to customer browsers over the Internet. Its the only server that sits in front of the firewall and allows direct controlled access to the public internet. Its on this server you may want to store static Web page content and graphic images. All information processing that the Web server needs from applications or Database servers can only be accessed through the Firewall.Application Servers store, manage, and operate those software components relevant to the business, including Merchant server software, back-office accounting systems, customer information systems, order entry and fulfillment systems. You many opt for multiple application servers as your needs dictate. Any links to other legacy systems (such as mainframe-based systems0 may be made through the application servers as well.Database Servers store your product, purchase, and customer data in addition to all other distributed processing data already in place. They may use Object-Oriented Database Management products, traditional relational database products, or hybrids of the two. Choices of Database Ser ver software include theseOracleMS SQL ServerSybaseDB/2InformixFirewalls control the access to the interior (back-office) corporate networks. They serve as the mechanism under which the Web server accesses applications and data that is found behind them. These Firewalls will typically run monitoring software to describe and thwart external attacks on the site, and are needed to protect internal corporate networks.Common Firewall services are implemented as routers that sit in between two domains (subnets), and are selective about IP addresses from which it receives packets before it permits their routing to the other domain (subnet). These select IP addresses are considered as trusted hosts.Mainframe systems, If youve got them, can a

Overview Of Fractional Distillation Environmental Sciences Essay

Overview Of fragmental Distillation Environmental Sciences Essay rendering A process by which components in a chemical substance variety be sepa accountd according to their dissimilar stewing points. Vapours from a b scratchy fossil oil coloring solution be passed along a tugboat. The temperature of the pillar bit by bit decreases along its length. Components with a higher boiling points condense on the column and return to the solutions components with a lower boiling points pass done the column and are collected. Fractional distillment is utilizationd to separate categorizations of miscible transparents, much(prenominal) as ethanol and water. The process depends on the components of the pastiche having antithetical boiling points. The watery is maniaed so that it turns into a gas. The vapours pass up a fractionating column where they are stepwise cooled. As each of the components of the mixture cools to its boiling point, it turns contribute into a melte d. The different components of the mixture condense at different levels in the fractionating column and thus whitethorn be stranded. lab setupFractional distillment in a laboratory makes use of common laboratory drinking glassware and apparatuses, typic in ally including a Bunsen burner a round-bottomed flask and a condenser as well as the single-purpose fractionating column.ApparatusFractional distillation apparatus using a Liebig condenser. A conical flask is used as a receiving flask. Here the distillation lintel and fractionating column are combined in one piece.heat source, such as a hot plate with a bath, and ideally with a magnetic stirrer.distilling flask, typically a round-bottom flaskreceiving flask, much as well as a round-bottom flaskfractionating columndistillation headthermometer and adapter if neededcondenser, such as a Liebig condenser, Graham condenser .vacuum adapter .Standard laboratory glassware with ground glass joints, e.g. quickfit apparatus.Discussion, Consider the distillation of a mixture of water and ethanol. ethanol boils at 78.4C while water boils at ampere-secondC. So, by gently heating the mixture, the most(prenominal) mercurial component will focalise to a greater degree in the evapoproportionn leaving the still. or so mixtures tier azeotropes, where the mixture boils at a lower temperature than either component. In this example, a mixture of 96% ethanol and 4% water boils at 78.2 C, organism to a greater extent volatile than pure ethanol. For this reason, ethanol crumbnot be in all purified by direct fractional distillation of ethanol-water mixtures.The apparatus is assembled as in the diagram. (The diagram represents a batch apparatus, as opposed to a free burning apparatus.) The mixture is put into the round bottomed flask along with a few anti-bumping granules (or a Teflon coated magnetic stirrer bump if using magnetic stirring), and the fractionating column is fitted into the top. As the mixture boils, v apor rises up the column. The vapor condenses on the glass plat puzzle outs, known as trays, inside the column, and runs back protrude into the liquid below, refluxing distillate. The column is heated from the bottom. The efficiency in scathe of the descend of heating and time needful to get fractionation stern be improved by insulating the outside of the column in an insulator such as wool, aluminium foil or preferably a vacuum jacket. The hottest tray is at the bottom and the coolest is at the top. At steady verbalize conditions, the vapor and liquid on each tray are at equilibrium. whole the most volatile of the vapors stays in gaseous form all the diversity to the top. The vapor at the top of the column, then passes into the condenser, which cools it down until it liquefies. The separation is to a greater extent pure with the addition of more trays (to a mulish limitation of heat, flow, etc.) The condensate that was initially very close to the azeotrope composition be comes gradually richer in water. The process continues until all the ethanol boils out of the mixture. This point can be recognized by the sharp rise in temperature shown on the thermometer. normally the example above now only reflects the hypothetical way fractionation works. Normal laboratory fractionation columns will be simple(a) glass tubes ( a good deal vacuum jacketed, and sometimes internally silvered) filled with a wadding, often small glass helices of 4 to 7 mm diameter. Such a column can be calibrated by the distillation of a known mixture system to quantify the column in cost of human body of theoretical plates. To improve fractionation the apparatus is set up to return condensate to the column by the use of some sort of reflux splitter (reflux wire, gago, Magnetic swinging bucket, etc.) a typical thorough fractionation would employ a reflux ratio of around 101 (10 parts returned condensate to 1 part condensate labour off).In laboratory distillation, several type s of condensers are commonly build. The Liebigcondenser is simply a straight tube within a water jacket , and is the simplest (and comparatively least expensive) form of condenser.Industrial distillationImage 2 Typical industrial fractional distillation columnsDistillation is the most common form of separation technology used in petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants , inborn gas processing and cryogenic air separation plants. In most cases, the distillation is operated at a continuous steady state .New fertilize is always being added to the distillation column and productions are always being removed. Unless the process is disturbed due to changes in feed, heat, ambient temperature, or condensing, the amount of feed being added and the amount of product being removed are normally equal. This is known as continuous, steady-state fractional distillation.Industrial distillation is typically performed in large, vertical cylindrical columns known as distillation or fractionation prevails or distillation columns with diameters ranging from about 65 centimetres to 6 metres and senior high school ranging from about 6 metres to 60 metres or more. The distillation towers have liquid outlets at intervals up the column which appropriate for the withdrawal of different fractions or products having different boiling points or boiling ranges. By increasing the temperature of the product inside the columns, the different hydrocarbons are separated. The lightest products (those with the lowest boiling point) exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products (those with the highest boiling point) exit from the bottom of the column.For example, fractional distillation is used in oil refineries to separate sodding(a) oil into profitable substances (or fractions) having different hydrocarbons of different boiling points. The bumpy oil fractions with higher boiling pointshave more carbon atomshave higher molecular weightsare more double chain al kanesare darker in colorare more treaclyare more difficult to ignite and to burnFigure 1 Diagram of a typical industrial distillation tower big industrial towers use reflux to achieve a more pick out separation of products. Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product from a distillation or fractionation tower that is returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in the schemattic diagram of a typical, large-scale industrial distillation tower. Inside the tower, the reflux liquid flowing downwards provides the cool down needed to condense the vapors flowing upwards, thereby increasing the force of the distillation tower. The more reflux is provided for a given number of theoretical plates, the better the towers separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. Alternatively, the more reflux provided for a given desired separation, the fewer theoretical plates are required.Figure 2. Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractions at the top of the fractionating column have lower boiling points than the fractions at the bottom. The baleful bottom fractions are often cracked into lighter, more useful products. wholly of the fractions are processed further in other refining units.Fractional distillation is also used in air separation, producing liquid type O, liquid nitrogen, and highly concentrated argon. Distillation of chlorosilanes also enable the production of high-purity ti for use as a semiconductor.In industrial uses, sometimes a boxing material is used in the column instead of trays, especially when low pressure drops across the column are required, as when direct under vacuum. This packing material can either be hit-or-miss dumped packing (1-3 wide) such as Raschig rings or structured canvas tent metal. Typical manufacturers are Koch, Sulzer and other companies. Liquids tend to wet the surface of the packing and the vapors pass across this wetted surface, where mass transfer takes place. Unlike unoriginal tray distillation in which every tray represents a separate point of vapor liquid equilibrium the vapor liquid equilibrium curve in a packed column is continuous. However, when modeling packed columns it is useful to see a number of theroticalplates to denote the separation efficiency of the packed column with respect to more traditional trays. Differently shaped packings have different surface areas and void space between packings. Both of these factors affect packing performance.Design of industrial distillation columns.Figure 3 Chemical design schematic of typical bubble-cap trays in a distillation towerMoreover, the efficiencies of the vapor-liquid come to devices (referred to as plates or trays) used in distillation columns, as seen in Figure 3, are typically lower than that of a theoretical 100% efficient equilibrium stage. Hence, a distillation column needs more plates than the number of theoretical vapor-liquid equilibrium stages.A n indication of numbers the separation of two compounds with relative volatility of 1.1 requires a minimum of 130 theoretical plates with a minimum reflux ratio of 20.. With a relative volatility of 4, the required number of theoretical plates decreased to 9 with a reflux ratio of 0.66. In another source, a boiling point difference of 30 C requires 12 theoretical plates and, for a difference of 3 C, the number of plates increased to 1000.The reflux ratio is the ratio of the amount of moles returned as refluxed liquid to the fractionating column and the amount of moles of final product, some(prenominal) per unit time.OTHER USES OF fragmental DISTILLATIONAn of the essence(p) oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile redolent(p) compounds extracted from plants. It may be affirmd by distillation, expression, or solvent extraction. inhering oils are used in perfumery, aromatherapy, cosmetics, incense,medicine, household cleaning products, and for flavoring far e and drink. They are valuable commodities in the fragrance and food industries. Essential oil is also known as volatile oil and ethereal oil. It may also be referred to as oil ofthe raw plant mat 1 White spiritWhite spirit, also known as Stoddard solvent is a paraffin-derived clear, transparent liquid which is a common ingrained solvent used in painting and decorating. It is a mixture of unadulterated aliphatic and alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons with a maximum content of 25% of C7 to C12 alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons. White spirit is used as an extraction solvent, as a cleaning solvent, as a degreasing solvent and as a solvent in aersonal.paints, wood preservatives, lacquers, varnishes, and asphalt products. In western Europe2-Propan-1-olPropan-1-ol is a primary intoxicant with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH. It is also known as 1-propanol, 1-propyl alcohol n-propyl alcohol, or simply propanol. It is used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, and for resins and cellulose esters . It is formed naturally in small amounts during many upheaval processes. Propan-1-ol Chemical properties. 1-Propanol shows the normal reactions of a primary alcohol. Thus it can be converted to alkyl halide.3-AcetoneIn chemistry propanone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and beta-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. Acetone is a colorless mobile flammable liquid with melting point at -95.4C and boiling point at 56.53C. It has a relative density of 0.819 (at 0C). It is readily soluble in water, ethanol, ether, etc., and itself serves as an important solvent. The most familiar household use of acetone is as the active ingredient4-CashewThe Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a direct in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The plant is native to northeastern Brazil, where it is called by its Lusitanian name Caju (the fruit) or Cajueiro (the tree). It is now widely grown in equatorial climates for its cashew nuts and cashew apples. Originally spread from Brazil by the Portuguese, the cashew tree today can be found in all regions with a sufficiently warm and humid climate. What appears on the tree to be the fruit of the cashew tree is an ov 5- Cracking chemistryIn petroleum qeology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex primitive molecules (e.g. kerogens or minacious hydrocarbons) are converted to simpler molecules (e.g. light hydrocarbons) by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and forepart of any catalysts. Cracking chemistry Applications. In an oil refinery cracking processes allow the production of lightproducts (such as LPG and gasoline) from 6 PerfumePerfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and subsisting spaces a lasting and pleasant smell. The amount and type of solvent mix wi th the fragrance oil dictates whether a perfume is considered a perfume extract, Eau de parfum, Eau de toilette, or Eau de Cologne. Perfume Obtaining odorants. Before perfumes can be composed, the odorants used in miscellaneous perfume compositions must first be obtained. Synthetic odorants are produce7- Chemical oxygen wantIn environmental chemistry, the chmical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. Most applications of COD determine the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water (e.g. lakes and rivers), making COD a useful measure of water quality. It is expressed in millgrams per liter (mg/L), which indicates the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of solution. Older references may express the units as parts per jillion (ppm). Chemical oxygen demand Over 8- NitrogenNitrogen is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol N and nuclear number 7. Commonly a colorless, odorless, tastele ss and mostly inert diatomic non-metal gas, nitrogen constitutes 78 percent of Earths atmosphere and is a constituent of all living tissues. Nitrogen forms many important compounds such as amino acids ammonia nitric acid, and cyanides. Nitrogen Notable characteristics. Nitrogen is a non-metal, with an negativity of 3.0. It has five electron 9- Alkane Purification and useAlkanes are both important raw materials of the chemical industry and the most important fuels of the institution economy. The starting materials for the processing are always natural gas and crude oil. The latter is separated in an oil refinery by fractional distillation and processed into many different products, for example gasoline. The different fractionsof crude oil have different boiling points and can be isolated and separated quite easily within the individual fra ,10-Essential oil Production of import high-volume products turpentine orange, lemon, mint and citronella are essential oils. Prior to the discovery of distillation, essential oils were extracted by pressing, and this is still the case in cultures such as Egypt. tralatitious Egyptian practice involves pressing the plant material, and then burying it in unglazed ceramic vessels in the desert for a period of months to hale out water, the water having a smaller molecular size diffuses through the ceramic vessels while the larger essential oils do not. The lotus oil in Tutankhamuns tomb, which retained its scent after 3000 years sealed in al 11-Kerosene DistillationKerosene is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum at 150C and 275C carbon chains from the C12 to C15 range). Typically, kerosene directly distilled from crude oil requires some treatment, either in a Merox unit or a hydrotreater, to reduce its sulfur content and its corrosiveness. Kerosene can also be produced by a hydrocracker, which is used to upgrade the parts of crude oil that w

A Good Man Is Hard To Find The Storm Essay example -- essays papers

A Good existence Is Hard To Find The Storm Of the two stories I read, one be The Storm by Kate Chopin and the other being A Good humans Is Hard To Find by Flannery OConnor, I found that each had characters with deterrent example dilemmas. In both, the reach played a role in these dilemmas simply in different ways. In The Storm, the bad weather was the set-off to and unpredicted affair while in A Good Man Is Hard To Find, the setting seems to be focused around a familys vacation and their encounter with a criminal. In the following paragraphs, I will go on to rationalize how certain characters have moral dilemmas and how the setting helps to support my interpretations.The Storm is base around a woman by the name of Calixta who is left space alone while a threatening storm blows up suddenly. Her economize and son are stranded at a local descent until the weather calms down. While she is preparing for the worst, a man visitor appears at her door needing a place of sh elter. This man turns out to be an old sweetie of hers, Alcee. As the story goes on, Calixta and Alcee, unleash themse...